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Lipedema, a chronic condition primarily affecting women, is characterized by abnormal subcutaneous fat accumulation and swelling in the extremities (while sparing the hands, feet, and trunk). This disease is associated with genetic predisposition, hormonal imbalances, impaired lymphatic function, and vascular dysfunction. Lipedema does not directly cause weight gain, but excess weight can worsen symptoms and accelerate disease progression. Bariatric surgery is considered a treatment option for body weight management and reduction of subcutaneous fat; however, reported studies have indicated that this treatment cannot reduce localized fat accumulation or fat cell hypertrophy or alleviate pain symptoms. Although no proven dietary treatment currently exists, nutrition plays a key role in managing lipedema. Certain dietary approaches such as ketogenic, low-carbohydrate, and modified Mediterranean diets have been explored for weight management and inflammation reduction in lipedema, with studies showing positive effects on body composition and pain. However, according to the current literature no evidence-based nutritional treatments or nutritional supplements are effective in this patient group. Nutritional therapy in lipedema is complicated by frequent comorbidities; therefore, precision nutritional therapy should be planned by evaluating the causes and consequences of the disease. In this review, we evaluated reported studies of current evidence-based clinical nutritional approaches to lipedema treatment.

Summary: Lipedema is a chronic disease characterized by the disproportionate and symptomatic accumulation of fat in the lower limbs and arms. Women with lipedema experience heaviness, fatigue and p...

Lipedema is a chronic disorder characterized by the symmetrical accumulation of subcutaneous adipose tissue, predominantly affecting women. Despite increasing recognition, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying adipose tissue dysfunction in lipedema remain incompletely understood. This mini review combines current knowledge about adipose tissue biology in lipedema, highlighting recent discoveries, ongoing controversies, and future research directions. A comprehensive literature review was conducted focusing on adipose tissue-related research in lipedema with emphasis on pathophysiological mechanisms, cellular composition, and therapeutic implications. Recent studies reveal that lipedema adipose tissue exhibits distinct characteristics, including M2 macrophage predominance, stage-dependent adipocyte hypertrophy, progressive fibrosis, and altered lymphatic/vascular function. The inflammatory profile differs markedly from obesity, with an anti-inflammatory M2-like macrophage phenotype rather than the pro-inflammatory M1 response seen in classic obesity. Emerging evidence suggests lipedema may represent a model of “healthy” subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion with preserved metabolic function despite increased adiposity. Current research proposes menopause as a critical turning point, driven by estrogen receptor imbalance and intracrine estrogen excess. Lipedema represents a unique adipose tissue disorder distinct from obesity, characterized by specific cellular and molecular signatures. Current research gaps include the need for validated biomarkers, standardized diagnostic criteria, and targeted therapeutics. Future research should focus on elucidating the molecular mechanisms driving adipose tissue dysfunction and developing precision medicine approaches.

Knee pain in women with lipedema is frequently misattributed and undertreated. We outline a biomechanical and inflammatory cascade linking systemic adipose dysfunction, anabolic resistance, and thigh-predominant sarcopenia to dynamic knee valgus, plantar arch collapse, altered gait, patellofemoral malalignment, and ultimately chondromalacia patellae. We integrate synovial-adipose crosstalk and the high prevalence of generalized joint hypermobility as amplifiers of joint loading. This framework supports a practical, staged approach that couples symptom control with progressive, targeted strengthening and gait retraining. Rather than treating the knee in isolation, addressing the cascade may reduce pain and improve function.

This article aims to summarize contemporary understanding and management strategies of lipedema. It will elucidate recent advancements in diagnostic methodologies, the role of imaging technologies, and evolving therapeutic interventions. The article will further delineate critical areas that warrant further investigation.

Introduction: Lipedema is a chronic, progressive loose–connective-tissue disorder characterized by painful, disproportionate subcutaneous adipose tissue, functional limitations, and impaired quality of life, prompting growing interest in evidence-based management strategies. Objective: To systematically review contemporary human studies on surgical and non-surgical treatments for lipedema, with emphasis on symptom control, functional outcomes, complications, and quality of life, and to synthesize comparative effectiveness across modalities. Methods: We planned a PRISMA-compliant search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, LILACS, ClinicalTrials.gov, and ICTRP for the last five years, expanding to ten years only if fewer than ten eligible studies were found; inclusion criteria prioritized human clinical trials and observational studies, with basic science excluded from synthesis; risk of bias and certainty of evidence (GRADE) were prespecified; data were extracted for populations, interventions, comparators, outcomes, and follow-up. Results and Discussion: Recent literature suggests that compression therapy, exercise, and pneumatic compression can reduce pain and edema and improve patient-reported outcomes, while liposuction techniques including tumescent, power-assisted, and water-assisted approaches generally show substantial improvements in symptoms and health-related quality of life with acceptable complication rates; however, heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria, outcome measures, and follow-up limits certainty of pooled estimates. Conclusion: Contemporary evidence supports a stepped, individualized approach beginning with optimized conservative care and progressing to lipedema reduction surgery in appropriately selected patients, with shared decision-making and standardized outcome measurement essential for practice and future research.  

Background Lipedema is a chronic, progressive condition characterized by symmetrical accumulation of adipose tissue, predominantly in women's lower extremities. It is frequently associated with pain, reduced mobility, and psychological distress. Dietary interventions have become central to conservative management of the condition, yet their clinical efficacy remains unclear. Methods This systematic review included peer-reviewed studies assessing dietary strategies in individuals with clinically diagnosed lipedema. Searches were conducted in four databases in July 2025, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Eligible studies applied dietary interventions and reported clinical or psychosocial outcomes, and the risk of bias was subsequently assessed. Results Nine studies involving 269 women met the inclusion criteria. The majority applied hypocaloric dietary protocols, particularly ketogenic, low-carbohydrate high-fat, or ketogenic modified Mediterranean diets. Across studies, weight loss and reduction in fat mass were consistently reported. Some studies also observed improvements in pain, inflammation, and quality of life, though these outcomes were not uniformly assessed. Few studies used advanced measures of body composition such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry or magnetic resonance imaging; most relied on bioelectrical impedance analysis. Only one study evaluated emotional dysregulation and only one assessed food addiction, but no study systematically measured eating behavior traits, or current or past eating disorders. Intervention durations ranged from four to twenty-eight weeks, and adherence strategies varied. The risk of bias was moderate to high in most studies. Two trials (conducted by Lundanes and Jeziorek et al.) were randomized controlled trials, whereas the remaining studies used non-randomized designs despite including control and intervention groups. Due to the high heterogeneity in study design, outcomes, and measurement tools, combined with the small sample sizes and risk of bias, it was not possible to conduct a meta-analysis. Conclusion The effects of dietary approaches on lipedema remain unclear. Future studies should adopt robust methodological designs, include larger and stratified samples based on disease stage, use accurate assessments of body composition (including muscle mass and strength), evaluate mental health and eating behaviors, and investigate the long-term sustainability of interventions. The literature lacks standardized methodologies and comprehensive evaluation of psychosocial and eating behavior, highlighting the need for stronger evidence to inform clinical practice.

Lipedema is a chronic, often misdiagnosed disease characterized by painful, disproportionate fat accumulation in the extremities. Commonly mistaken for obesity or lymphedema, lipedema primarily affects women and has long been thought to be resistant to dietary intervention, a belief originating from its initial description by Allen and Hines at the Mayo Clinic in 1940. However, emerging research challenges this notion, revealing that individuals with lipedema often respond positively to therapeutic carbohydrate (CHO) reduction, particularly ketogenic diets (KD). Effective management of lipedema requires a comprehensive, holistic approach. Nutritional strategies should not only target symptom relief but also support overall health by considering physical comorbidities, mental and emotional well-being, and individual cultural and social factors. In this paper, we present an updated perspective on CHO-reduced dietary interventions for lipedema and propose a patient-centered framework to personalize nutrition plans for sustained success and improved quality of life.

Estrogen-dependent conditions, such as endometriosis, adenomyosis, lipedema, polycystic ovary syndrome, and breast cancer, are intimately involved with hormonal changes related to estrogen and their receptors. These conditions can be expressed mainly during hormonal changes such as pregnancy, puberty, and menopause. They are associated with alterations in estrogen function and inflammatory mechanisms, leading to significant discomfort and a marked decrease in self-esteem in women. Resveratrol has been studied in the treatment of inflammatory diseases like obesity, metabolic syndrome, and endometriosis. The research suggests potential pathways through which resveratrol may also be beneficial in treating metabolic and estrogen-dependent conditions. We reviewed 63 articles from 2000 to 2025, prioritizing systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SciELO databases. Our results suggest that resveratrol may benefit metabolic and estrogen-dependent conditions by modulating anti-inflammatory factors that regulate estrogen receptor activity, increasing lipolysis, decreasing insulin resistance, and mitigating oxidative stress. Future research should evaluate the long-term safety and potential therapeutic effects of resveratrol in metabolic conditions.

Background Lipedema often remains undiagnosed in patients with obesity, leading to mismanagement of treatment. Because of this, despite remarkable weight loss after bariatric surgery and decreases in hip and abdomen circumference, some patients show only small decreases in the circumference of the extremities and report persistent limb pain. We present the first scoping review to systematically explore the reported patient characteristics, clinical outcomes, and diagnostic challenges of lipedema in patients undergoing metabolic bariatric surgery, to identify gaps in current practice and promote earlier diagnosis and tailored treatment. Methods A search in PubMed, Embase, Medline, and Cochrane was conducted, from inception to December 19th, 2023. We consider as inclusion criteria original articles, case reports, and case series of lipedema after metabolic bariatric surgery. Results Among the included studies, a total of 49 patients were reported, and all were female. The mean age of cases was 42.43 (range 24–63) years old, and the mean BMI was 49.92 kg/m2. In the majority of the included patients, a sleeve gastrectomy was performed (25 patients, 51%), Roux-en-Y in 22 patients (45%), and One anastomosis Gastric Bypass in 2 (4%). Forty-eight patients had lipedema diagnosed after bariatric surgery. The mean excess weight loss was 70.93%, and the mean total weight loss was 36%. The mean pain score increased after surgery with 7.92 compared to 7.30 before surgery. Conclusion Recognizing the presence of lipedema in females experiencing extremity pain and disproportionate fat distribution is crucial. Bariatric surgery alone does not appear to significantly improve lipedema-related symptoms, based on currently available evidence, and even significant excess weight loss of more than 70% often fails to alleviate its associated pain.

Lipedema is an abnormal accumulation of adipose tissue, predominantly observed in women, characterised by symmetrical fat deposition and tactile sensitivity in the extremities, affecting both sides of the body. This condition can lead to significant pain, impairing daily activities and causing substantial discomfort.

There are many different causes of leg and foot swelling, some are benign and transient, others can be debilitating and progressive. Correct diagnosis and early treatment are crucial as conservative measures are most effective before the condition is allowed to progress. Current waiting times in the UK National Health Service (NHS) for General Practitioners and Specialists are leading to delays in care for people with chronic leg swelling. Delayed or inadequate treatment for these patients can lead to irreversible tissue damage, episodes of cellulitis and ulceration. There is a significant impact on quality of life associated with living with the pain, anxiety, and reduced mobility resulting in social isolation. The causes of acute and chronic leg and foot swelling are outlined. Diagnosis and treatment of the common causes of leg and foot swelling in the Western adult population are discussed. The mainstay of treatment for most of these conditions relies on physical therapy and graduated elastic compression garments or inelastic Velcro compression wraps as many do not have a cure.

Lipodystrophy presents clinical management challenges due to its varied expression and low incidence. Despite the clinical importance, there has been no systematic evaluation of the research output in terms of geographical distribution, institutional contributions, or emerging trends. This study aims to fill that gap by conducting a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the global research landscape on lipodystrophy.

This narrative review comprehensively analyzes VLEKT as an advanced nutritional strategy for obesity management. The focus is on the beneficial effects on key disease organs, such as adipose tissue and liver, as well as the modulation of intestinal permeability and its fundamental role in influencing the gut microbiota and inflammatory pathways.

IntroductionLipedema is a chronic and progressive adipose tissue disorder that predominantly affects women. However, despite its high prevalence and severe negative impact on quality of life, it remains significantly underdiagnosed. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and awareness of …

Background/Objectives: Lipedema is a progressive disease that results in the bilateral and symmetrical accumulation of subcutaneous fat in the legs and/or arms, affecting almost exclusively women. Methods: A comprehensive review of the peer-reviewed literature was conducted between November 2024 and February 2025. Results: The pathophysiology of lipedema is complex and, especially in the early stages, shows similarities to obesity, involving adipocytes, adipose tissue-resident macrophages, and endothelial cells. In lipedema, systemic levels and the adipocyte expression of the classical adipokines adiponectin and leptin appear normal, while it remains unclear if markers of inflammation and oxidative stress are increased. Macrophages in the adipose tissue of patients have an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype and express high levels of the scavenger receptor CD163. These cells affect adipogenesis and seem to have a central role in adipose tissue accumulation. Increased lymphatic and blood vessel permeability are comorbidities of lipedema that occur in early disease states and may contribute to disease progression. Conclusions: This review summarizes our current understanding of the pathophysiology of lipedema with a focus on the role of stromal vascular localized M2 macrophages.

Lipedema is characterized by abnormal fat deposition in areas such as the arms, hips, buttocks, and thighs, sparing the hands and feet. Symptoms include pain, bruising, edema, and subcutaneous nodules, which resist traditional interventions such as diet and exercise. Despite increasing recognition, …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects 537 million people as of 2021, and is projected to rise to 783 million by 2045. This positions DM as the ninth leading cause of death globally. Among DM patients, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality. Notably, the prevalence rate …